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Asepsis and Infection Control

  Asepsis Asepsis is the state of being free from disease-causing contaminants (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) or, preventing contact with microorganisms. The term asepsis often refers to those practices used to promote or induce asepsis in an operative field in surgery or medicine to prevent infection. Medical asepsis Includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area Limits the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms Objects referred to as clean or dirty (soiled, contaminated) Surgical asepsis Sterile technique Practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms Practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores Used for all procedures involving sterile areas of the body Principles of Aseptic Technique Only sterile items are used within sterile field. Sterile objects become unsterile when touched by unsterile objects. Sterile items that are out of vision or below the waist level of the nurse are considere
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Assessment – First Step in the Nursing Process

  Description It is systematic and continuous collection, validation and communication of client data as compared to what is standard/norm. It includes the client’s perceived needs, health problems, related experiences, health practices, values and lifestyles. Purpose To establish a data base (all the information about the client): nursing health history physical assessment the physician’s history & physical examination results of laboratory & diagnostic tests material from other health personnel FOUR Types of Assessment Initial assessment – assessment performed within a specified time on admission Ex: nursing admission assessment Problem-focused assessment – use to determine status of a specific problem identified in an earlier assessment Ex: problem on urination-assess on fluid intake & urine output hourly Emergency assessment – rapid assessment done during any physiologic/physiologic crisis of the client to identify life threatening problems. Ex: assessment of a client’s
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Assessment- Objective & Subjective Data

  Definition Assessment is the systematic and continuous collection organization validation and documentation of data. The nurse gathers information to identify the health status of the patient. Assessments are made initially and continuously throughout patient care. The remaining phases of the nursing process depend on the validity and completeness of the initial data collection. Review of clinical record Client records contain information collected by many members of the healthcare team, such as demographics, past medical history, diagnostic test results and consultations Reviewing the client’s record before beginning an assessment prevents the nurse from repeating questions that the client has already been asked and identifies information that needs clarification. Interview The purpose of an interview is to gather and provide information, identify problems of concerns, and provide teaching and support. The goals of an interview are to develop a rapport with the client and to collect
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Assist Patient from the Bed to Chair or Wheelchair

  Here are the step by step proper way and techniques to transfer patient from bed to chair or wheelchair. I. Purpose To strengthen the patient gradually. To provide a change in position. (In wheelchair to take her around for a change) II. Equipment Chair or wheelchair Patient’s robe and slippers Pillows Blanket, sheet or draw sheet III. Procedure See that the chair or wheelchair is in good condition. Place the chair conveniently at night angles to the bed—back of chair parallel to the foot of the bed and facing the head of bed. Place pillow on the seat of the chair. If using wheelchair, line it with a blanket or sheet and arrange pillows on the seat and against the back. Put the foot rest up and lock the wheels. Take the patient’s pulse Assist the patient to a sitting position on bed, i.e., put one arm under the head and shoulders and the other arm under her knees and pivot her to a sitting position with the legs hanging over the side of the bed. Watch the patient for a minute to defe
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Back Care

  After bathing and drying the back, it should be massaged or rubbed thoroughly. I. Purpose To stimulate the circulation and give general relief. To prevent bedsore To give comfort to the patient. II. Equipment Alcohol 25% Talcum powder Bath towel III. Procedure Help the patient to turn on his abdomen or on his side with his back toward the nurse and his body near the edge of the bed so that he is as near the operator as possible. If the supine position is used and the patient is a woman, pillow under the abdomen removes pressure from the breasts and favor relaxation. Raise the camisa and gown. Apply to back rubbing lotion or talcum powder to reduce friction. In rubbing the back use firm long strokes and kneading motions. The amount of pressure to exert depends upon the patient’s condition. Begun from neck and shoulders then proceed over the entire back. Massage with both hands working with a strong stroke. In upward than in downward motions. Give particular attention to pressure areas
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Blood Transfusion Therapy

  Blood transfusion therapy   involves transfusing whole blood or blood components (specific portion or fraction of blood lacking in patient). One unit of whole blood consists of 450 mL of blood collected into 60 to 70 mL of preservative or anticoagulant. Whole blood stored for more than 6 hours does not provide therapeutic platelet transfusion, nor does it contain therapeutic amounts of labile coagulation factors (factors V and VIII). Blood components include: Packed RBCs (100% of erythrocyte, 100% of leukocytes, and 20% of plasma originally present in one unit of whole blood), indicated to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood with minimal expansion of blood. Leukocyte-poor packed RBCs, indicated for patients who have experience previous febrile no hemolytic reactions. Platelets, either HLA (human leukocyte antigen) matched or unmatched. Granulocytes ( basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils ) Fresh frozen plasma, containing all coagulation factors, including factors V and V
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